International Archives of BioMedical and Clinical Research
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr
<p style="text-align: justify;">International Archives of Biomedical and Clinical Research (IABCR) is an open access, international, peer-reviewed, quarterly multidisciplinary medical research journal that focuses on communicating high quality research articles, reviews, Short communications, case reports, Letter to Editor, Drug News and updates in the field of Medical, Dental and other allied health and BioMedical Sciences. The Journal publishes 4-four issues in a year.</p> <h3>Connecting Researchers Globally</h3> <p style="text-align: justify;">IABCR offer Researchers, Academicians a better option when it comes to Open Access Journal publishing. Our platform vies to become the standard for all open access publications, irrespective of subjects or branches and aims to bring together researchers from all over the world and under a single global organization to form a community that actively creates new data and shares it with everyone with the utmost ease and simplicity.</p> <h3>Ethical guidelines for journal publication</h3> <p style="text-align: justify;">The Editor-in-Chief/Editor of International Archives of BioMedical and Clinical Research (IABCR) is responsible for determining which of the research papers/articles submitted to the journal should be printed. The publication decision is based on the recommendation of the journal's reviewers. The Editor-in-Chief /Editor may be maneuvered by the policies of the journal's editorial board and constrained by such legal requirements as shall then be in force regarding libel, copyright infringement and plagiarism. The Editor-in-Chief/Editor may consult with other editors or reviewers in getting to this determination.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>Medicozum Ltd, Address: Office 4300 58 Peregrine Road Hainault Ilford Essex IG6 3SZ, United Kingdom.enInternational Archives of BioMedical and Clinical Research2454-9886A Prospective Study on Effectiveness of Non- invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in Acute Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/248
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible. The chronic and progressive course of COPD is often punctuate by “exacerbations”, defined clinically as episodes of increasing respiratory symptoms, particularly dyspnoea, cough and sputum production, and increased sputum purulence.</em> <strong><em>AIM: </em></strong><em>To study the effectiveness of non- invasive positive pressure ventilation in the management of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</em><em>.</em></p> <p><em> </em><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>Our study included 63 patients of acute exacerbation of COPD admitted in the intensive care unit of Shri Aurobindo Medical College and Post Graduate Institute, Indore, India.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>The maximum numbers of patients (46.03%) were in the age group between 61 to 70 years. In our study, the overall success rate in patients given noninvasive ventilation along with standard therapy was higher (95.2%) compared to patients given standard therapy alone (60.3%).</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: This proves that non</em><em>-</em><em>invasive ventilatory support is an effective tool in the management of acute exacerbation of COPD.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ Pulmonary MedicinePositive Pressure VentilationCOPDRoonak JainDeepak Nagar
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2024-03-192024-03-19PM1PM310.21276/z78aey58A Prospective Study on Febrile Cases Presenting with Thrombocytopenia on the basis of Clinical and Laboratory Profile
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/246
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Thrombocytopenia is caused by increased sequestration in spleen. Thrombocytopenia patients may experience bleeding manifestations like petechiae, epistaxis, gum bleeding, hematuria, gastrointestinal hemorrhage or intracranial bleeding.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>200 febrile cases were included in this study. This study was conducted in the Department of Medicine. The duration of this study was over a period of one and half year.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>In this study we were included 200 febrile cases with thrombocytopenia. We observed in this study, 48.5 % cases having Dengue infection, 25% cases having septicemia, 17.5% having malaria, 6.5% cases SLE & remaining had enteric fever.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: This study concludes that Vitamin D deficiency is a key public health problem among geriatric age group.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ General MedicineThrombocytopeniaFebrile casesHeadacheAshish AgarwalSaurabh Goel
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2024-03-192024-03-19GM20GM2210.21276/7pna9s65Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Old Patients Visiting OPD of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/245
<p>Background: Vitamin D Deficiency is very much prevalent in India which is unexpected in a tropical country with abundant sunshine (8). India is located between 8.4°N and 37.6°N latitude. Most of its population living in regions experiencing optimum sunlight throughout the year. Despite its sunny environment, hypovitaminosis D is common in India.</p> <p>Methods: 320 geriatric patients were included of both sexes. This study was conducted in Department of Medicine at Rohilkhand Medical College, Bareilly<br>Results: We found that in this study, 66.8% cases suffered from deficiency, 28.2% insufficiency. Only 5% cases were normal.</p> <p>Conclusions: This study concludes that Vitamin D deficiency is a key public health problem among geriatric age group.</p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ General MedicineGeriatric PatientsVitamin D DeficiencyOsteomalaciaAnupam SethBharat Kumar Kalra
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2024-03-192024-03-19GM17GM1910.21276/79jsrm65A Prospective Study on Serum Uric Acid Level in Predicting Outcome in Acute Myocardial Infarction
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/244
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Higher levels of SUA are also associated with hypertension and renal disease. It is observed in >75% of patients with malignant hypertension. This elevation has been reported as a result of decreased renal blood flow and resultant increased urate reabsorption. It has been further reported that a 1 mg/dL increase in SUA levels was associated with a 26% increase in mortality.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>.</em> <em>The duration of study was over a period of two year. Total 204 cases were included with acute myocardial infraction. This study was conducted in the Department of Medicine.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>In this study 204 cases of acute myocardial infraction were included. Among all cases 132 were male & 72 were female. Prevalence of uric acid level in acute MI cases were 4.1-5.5 mg/dl seen in 28.4% followed by >7.0 mg/dl in 27.4%, <4 mg/dl in 22.5% & 5.6-7.0 mg/dl in 21.5%.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: This study concludes that serum uric acid is a cheap and effective prognostic indicator of AMI.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ General MedicineAcute myocardial infractionUric acidSTEMIBhagwan Ram VishnoiPankaj Gandhi
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2024-03-192024-03-19GM14GM1610.21276/p7983x83Screening of Thyroid Dysfunction and Dyslipidaemia in Patients of Diabetic Nephropathy in a Tertiary Care Centre in Western U.P
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/243
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Diabetes mellitus is often associated with multiple organ co-morbidities, including thyroid dysfunction. This has been associated with poorer prognosis, particularly in patients with end-stage renal disease. Hypothyroidism enhances the progression of atherogenesis. CRF is a serious health problem in worldwide. In developing nation, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in chronic kidney disease (CRF) patients. Therefore, early determination and management of the risk factors for CVD in D.M patients play an important role to develop more effective screening and treatment strategies</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>.M, Thyroid status, Lipid profile, serum Urea, serum Creatinine, serum Uric acid, serum electrolyte, Catalase, and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) were assayed in 160 subjects in which 80 patients of D.M were having hypertension and 80 healthy controls.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>There was found significantly increased level (p<0.001) of TSH in D.M associated with hypertension patients. We also found deranged lipid profile and renal functions in D.M patients associated with hypertension as compared to controls.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: </em><em>In our present study, we arrived at conclusion that dyslipidemia and thyroid dysfunction is very common in D.M patients. Our study revealed that there was significant association between thyroid dysfunction, D.M and dyslipidemia.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ General MedicineHypertension (HTN)Chronic Renal failure (CRF)Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)Mohit GuptaPrabhat ChaudharyUjjwal KumarAnil Kumar KenVivek Sinha
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2024-03-192024-03-19GM9GM1310.21276/7kmrmf69A Prospective Study on Antihypertensives Utilization in Type 2 Diabetic patients in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/242
<p><strong><em>Background: H</em></strong><em>ypertension is more prevalent in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. Hypertension is risk factor not only for development of diabetes but also for complications like nephropathy, CAD and neuropathy etc. Hypertension control is vital to prevent and retard progression of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate treatment patterns in diabetic patients with hypertension, those are being followed at our institute.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>This study was conducted on diabetic patients, who are also suffering from Hypertension. Prescribing Pattern of Antihypertensive drugs was analysed on all diabetic patients reporting to medicine OPD at Department of Medicine, AIIMS, Udaipur and were screened. </em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>Out of n=110 patients, 62 were males and 48 were females. Mean age of group was 47.65 years. 46.18% patients were on monotherapy and remaining patients were on combination antihypertensive drugs. There were total 260 antihypertensive drug exposures. Angiotensin receptor blockers were the most commonly prescribed drugs (n=48). Angiotensin inhibitors (angiotensin receptor blockers and ACE inhibitors) were utilized in majority of the patients. Hypertension control was achieved in 42.36% patients. About 78.58% were aware about the disease.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: </em><em>Our study revealed that majority of diabetic hypertensive patients were administered multiple drug therapy in order to control hypertension. Majority of the patients were on ARBs/ACE inhibitors. This was according to recommendation by ADA or JNC8.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ General MedicineDiabetesHypertensionAngiotensin receptor blockerTushar Vasudev Vyas
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2024-03-192024-03-19GM6GM810.21276/4f2fxy88Association Between Carotid Intima Medial Thickness and Dyslipidemia
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/241
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><strong><em>Objective:</em></strong><em> The objective was to know the association between carotid intima medial thickness (CIMT) and dyslipidemia.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>The study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata. Total 100 patients were selected randomly who met the inclusion criteria. Among total patients, 48 were males and 52 were females. CIMT was measured by carotid artery ultrasonography using an echo tomography system having midfrequency of 7.5MhZ and detection limit of 0.1mm. The blood parameters such as LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, triglyceride and VLDL were estimated by using laboratory technique. Data was collected using a predetermined proforma and statistical analyses were done.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>Both common carotid artery IMT and internal carotid artery IMT was increased in a step wise fashion with raising tertiles of LDL (P<0.01) and total cholesterol (P<0.01). There was decreasing trend in both CCA-IMT and ICA IMT with increasing tertiles of HDL (P<0.01). No direct correlation was found between CCA-IMT and ICA-IMT with either VLDL or TG. The mean CIMT was significantly higher in hypertensive subjects than in non-hypertensive subjects. (P<0.004). Mean CIMT was significantly higher in current smokers than in non-smokers (P<0.001).</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: CIMT is an objective measure of subclinical atherosclerosis, which is a non- invasive, less expensive and time taking and easy reproducible way of demonstrating subclinical atherosclerosis. Thus, it can serve as a window for atherosclerosis status in other major arteries like coronary artery and cerebral arteries. The CIMT is closely associated with dyslipidemia, which can only be identified through specific blood parameters.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ General MedicineCarotid intima medial thicknessDyslipidemiaBlood parametersAtherosclerosisMalay Acharyya
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2024-03-192024-03-19GM1GM510.21276/g764pg09SD OCT Imaging of True Exfoliation of Lens Capsule
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/240
<p><em>True exfoliation is associated with delamination of superficial or all layers of lens capsule appearing as a transparent membrane in anterior chamber. Exact etiopathogenesis is not clear. Most of the cases are idiopathic but exposure to intense heat, ocular trauma, intra ocular inflammation, glaucoma etc.; are implicated as main causative factors. We are reporting the SD OCT and histopathological findings in a case of bilateral true exfoliation of lens in a 70 year old female who was a known case of open angle glaucoma with age related cataract (OU). </em><em>The condition is rare and is easily missed. We suggest SD OCT in all such cases as we believe True exfoliation has been under detected and under reported.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ OphthalmologyExfoliationLensSD OCTShaik Mohammed ZakirFarha JavedShariq Wadood KhanAhmad AbdullahZiaul Haq Yasir
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2024-03-182024-03-18OP5OP710.21276/475x0h76Assessment of Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertensive Retinopathy - A Clinical Study
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/239
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Hypertension is major systemic disease nowadays. Hypertensive retinopathy occurs as a result of damage of retinal vessels. The present study was conducted to assess prevalence and risk factors of hypertensive retinopathy.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>This study was conducted on 526 adult hypertensive patients (males- 290, female- 236). The prevalence of Hypertensive retinopathy was recorded based on classification given by Keith Wagener Barker (KWB) grade.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>The prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy was 28.1%. Maximum patients with hypertensive retinopathy were seen in age above 58 years of age 78 (37.1%). 72 (48.6%) patients had grade 3, 45 (30.4%) had grade 4, 35 (23.6%) had grade 2 and 34 (22.9%) had grade 1 HR. The difference found to be significant (P< 0.05). The common risk factors were age (52.1 years in HR, 40.5 years without HR), smoking, BMI with overweight and obesity. A significant difference was found (P< 0.05).</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: Common risk factors in patients with hypertensive retinopathy were advanced age, obesity, smoking, lack of regular exercise, sedentary life style, duration of hypertension and uncontrolled hypertension.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ PathologyHypertensive retinopathySmokingObesityNitin Singh SalariaChinglemba Phuritshabam
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2024-03-182024-03-18OP1OP410.21276/fz8w7c56Study on Micro-Organisms Isolated from Ear Swab: A Hospital Based Study
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/238
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Bacteria are the commonest cause of sinusitis<strong>.</strong> Though, the route of infection is varied but the main target is the eustachian tube which leads to the nasopharynx. Due to this, the infection may arise from the nose, throat such as tonsillitis or the outer ear.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>400 total numbers of cases were included in this study. Out of 230 samples were identified as positive. This study was conducted in the department of ENT in </em><em>Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>In our study, 400 total numbers of cases were included of ear swab. Out of which 57.5% cases were positive for ear swab & rest were negative. In the 230 sample 39.2% gram positive & 60.8 negative were isolated.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: Most common prevalent bacteria isolated from chronic discharging ears were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ OtoRhinoLaryngologyMicro-OrganismsEar SwabOtitis mediaAbhijeet Kumar Sinha
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2024-03-182024-03-18OL1OL310.21276/fgk8st62Knowledge and Attitude regarding Informed Consent among Medical Interns and Resident Doctors- A Questionnaire based Study
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/237
<p><strong><em>Background- </em></strong><em>Informed consent is the process by which the treating health-care provider discloses appropriate information to the patient so that the patient may make a voluntary choice to accept or refuse treatment. It originates from the legal and ethical right the patient has to direct what happens to his/her body and from the ethical duty of the physician to involve the patient in his/her health care.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Material and Methods- </em></strong><em>This is a cross sectional questionnaire based study conducted among the Medical interns and Resident Doctors of Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, A.M.U, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh. A questionnaire was prepared consisting of multiple choice questions about Informed Consent. 100 individuals comprising of 50 males and 50 females participated in this study.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results- </em></strong><em>In this cross sectional study, 100 medical interns and resident doctors comprising of 50 males and 50 females participated. The questionnaire consisted of multiple choice questions about the informed consent. 100% of participants knew what informed consent is and they also knew about the Consumer Protection Act. Only 80% of participants were aware that one copy of informed consent should be given to patient if asked for.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusion- </em></strong><em>The informed consent promotes the rights of a patient as autonomous beings to ensure that they are treated with justice, beneficence, and respect. Neglecting its importance can lead to unethical behavior and the loss of patient’s rights<strong>.</strong></em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ Forensic MedicineInformed ConsentPatientsResident DoctorsMedical InternsAfzal HaroonKashif Ali
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2024-03-182024-03-18FM1FM310.21276/1pn51324Analysis of Endometrial Histopathology in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: A Prospective Hospital Based Study
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/235
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) can be defined as abnormal bleeding from the vagina that is due to changes in hormone levels. Such type of bleeding is not caused by pregnancy or miscarriage, medical conditions like cancer or fibroids. Problems with the uterus or vagina from infection or other causes can be classified as ovulatory or anovulatory, depending on whether ovulation is occurring or not.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>This study was examined with 300 cases presenting abnormal uterine bleeding.</em></p> <p><em>The duration of study was over a period of 9 months. This study was conducted in Department of Pathology, Govt. Medical College, Badaun, U.P</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>In our study Endometrium pathology of abnormal uterine bleeding were obtained in 150 cases.In the present study 51 cases were seen with reproductive age,70 cases seen with Perimenopausal age & 29 cases were seen with Postmenopausal age.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: This study suggested that, histopathologic study is mandatory in perimenopausal and postmenopausal bleeding cases. It helps to diagnose early atypical hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma which have exceptional prognosis when detected early.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ PathologyAbnormal uterine bleedingEndometrial pathologyProgesteroneSurendra Kumar Dhruv
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2024-03-182024-03-18PA4PA610.21276/hrw9sj84A Prospective Study on Cytological Analysis of Pleural, Ascitic & Pericardial Effusions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/234
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>In the diagnosis of various lesions, cytological analyses of effusions play an important role. It contributes in cancer research and staging of various tumors.1 Pleural, ascitic, pericardial and synovial are some of the most commonly analyzed fluids. In the analysis of effusions, the differentiation of transudates and exudates is the first step as it often provides an indication of the underlying pathophysiological process, the differential diagnosis and the need for further investigation. The major purpose of body fluid cytology is the detection of malignant cells.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>The present study was conducted in the dept. of Pathology, Krishna Mohan Medical College & Hospital, Mathura, U.P, India. 284 total numbers of cases were included in this study. The duration of study was over a period of one year.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>In this study, 284 cases were included in this study. Among all 168 cases were male rest were female. In our study, most of the people were belongs to 41-50 (64%) age group followed by other age group. In this present study, 60.56% were collected pleural fluid followed by 38.73% Ascitic fluid & 0.70% pericardial fluid.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: This study suggested that, cytological study of body fluids is an inexpensive and simple procedure. It is also useful in finding the etiology and in understanding the course of disease.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ PathologyCytological AnalysisPleural FluidAscitic Fluid & Pericardial FluidPramod SolankiSangeeta Singh
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2024-03-182024-03-18PA1PA310.21276/k5xc3426A Drug Utilization Study in Post-operative Patients of IPD Obstetrics and Gynaecology
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/233
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>During delivery and postpartum period, antibacterial drugs play a very crucial role. The availability of these drugs can reduce maternal mortality. It is estimated that 350 000 maternal deaths happen worldwide. Infections are the major causes of maternal mortality. WHO reported that infections are responsible for 15% of the worldwide maternal mortality.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>148 total number of cases were included in this study. Patients aged more than 18 years. Post-operative patients till discharged, in Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department were included in this study. This study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology in collaboration with Gynaecology. </em><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>In this study 148 total numbers of cases were included. Out of total cases 67.5% were belonged to 21-30 age group followed by 22.3% (31-40),5.4% (>40),4.7% (<20). In our study, we were seen 48.6% cases having LCSC surgery while 17.5% hysterectomy followed by 10.8% dilation & curettage, 10.1% TAH, 9.4% emergency laparotomy, 4.7% TAH with bilateral salpingo-oophorecomy, 4.0% cystectomy, 2.7% wound gap repair & total vaginal hysterectomy & 1.3% cervical biopsy.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: These studies conclude that broader evaluation of safety and efficacy of drug prescription in surgical wards of a teaching hospital. Cost effective treatment is required to avoid polypharmacy.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ PharmacologyDrug Utilization StudyRational use of MedicineMohd. Sajid Khan
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2024-03-182024-03-18PH12PH1410.21276/1apv7e98Vitamin Rich Indian Fruit: Juglans Regia: Effect on Lipid Profile
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/232
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Hyperlipidemia is one of the important risk factor to develop coronary artery disease (CAD) leading to main cause of morbidity and mortality due to heart attack and cardiac arrhythmias. Decreased level of plasma HDL-cholesterol independently can cause CAD. Recent research studies have proved that walnuts can increase plasma HDL-cholesterol if taken in specific amount per day regularly.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Place and duration of study:</em></strong><em> Research study was conducted at Lahore General Hospital, Lahore from January 2014 to April 2014.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>Their baseline values of HDL-cholesterol were measured at day-0 and day-60, by separating other lipoprotein fractions using chemical precipitation with Mg<sup>2+</sup>, then coupling the products of a cholesterol oxidase reaction. </em><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>In twenty hyperlipidaemic patients, two months of therapy with 30 grams of walnuts per day increase in HDL-cholesterol was 6.3 mg/dl which was a significant change when analyzed biostatistically, showing p-value <0.01. </em><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: </em><em>It was concluded from the study, that regular intake of specific amount of walnuts without shell can increase good cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) in male and female patients of age range from 18 to 65 years.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ PharmacologyJuglans RegiaLipid ProfileShah MuradSeema SaifDur Muhammad ShaikhJamil Shah MuradAbdul Qudoos ArainAbdul GhaffarSana Tufail
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2024-03-182024-03-18PH9PH1110.21276/3mw0d311Effect of Gender on Reactivity to Cold Stress in Young Medical Students
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/231
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Previous studies have found contradictory results in reactivity pattern in males and females to cold pressor test . It is important to understand these differences and its subsequent relevance in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases like hypertension and coronary artery disease.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Aim: </em></strong><em>The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gender on reactivity to cold pressor test in young healthy medical students.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>94 young medical students in the age group of 17 to 27 years were subjected to cold pressor test and the systolic and diastolic blood pressure recorded before and after the test.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>The mean systolic rise of blood pressure was found to be 13.63 ± 9.71mm Hg in females as compared to 12.31 ± 5.79 mm Hg in males. The mean diastolic rise in blood pressure was 9.71 ± 4.58 mm Hg in females as compared to 8.84 ± 4.14 mm Hg in males. The difference of mean for both mean systolic and diastolic rise of blood pressure in male and female subjects was not found to be statistically significant (p value = >0.1). The percentage of female hyper-reactors (36%) was found to be more than male hyper-reactors (31%).</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: No statically significant difference was found in the reactivity to cold pressor test between males and females. The percentage of female hyper-reactors was more probably due to lower threshold to cold induced pain.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ Human PhysiologyCold pressor testgenderhypertensionRitu BajpaiChanda Rajak
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2024-03-182024-03-18HP1HP210.21276/8ppg5e55Evaluation of Knowledge in Clinical Applications of Anatomy at the end of First Year M.B.B.S - A Questionnaire Based Study
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/230
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Anatomy has several sub-divisions. Each and every sub-division takes us to a road of knowledge as to how the cell has given rise to such an enthralling human life. It is important to have an integrated curriculum so as to end the monotony of the basic sciences by creating an enthusiastic approach by correlating the topics dealt in anatomy with clinical practice. In this study, our vision is to evaluate as medical teachers be it in basic sciences or as clinicians that whatever we are trying to impart to our students is it imbibed in their minds on their way to be a Indian medical graduate to assess knowledge the first year M.B,B.S students have attained at the end of their first year tenure. Objective: 1.Assess whether student is able to correlate anatomy when they enter the clinical postings. 2.Assess the role of integration in the medical education</em><em>.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>This study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, A.C.S Medical College and Hospital, Chennai with academic inputs from the department of General Surgery, Pacific medical college and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan. A set of 15 questions were prepared to test the familiarity of students with the use of medical terminologies, surface landmarks of the vessels, bones as well as placement of the viscera by the end of I M.B,B.S. 133 students appeared for the test. <strong>Results: </strong>A grading system was devised where a score equal to or above 50% was considered as an average and a good score. It was found that 52.6% of the students had a poor knowledge with regards to the subject of medicine. With regard to questions related to surgery, 91% of the students’ performance was below average. 75% of the students showed up poor performance as a whole. </em><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: </em><em>The study conducted revealed the importance of integration between the anatomy and clinical subjects but also unveiled the importance of an early clinical exposure . To conclude, the study was conducted to evaluate and evolve better teaching learning methods in anatomy so that it helps the student further in their clinical skills.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ Human AnatomyIntegrated curriculumAnatomyMedical EducationVishwas JohriAprajita RaizadaRamnath Takiar
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2024-03-182024-03-18HA1HA310.21276/gr2jhn12Sacubitril/Valsartan: A Game Changer in the Treatment for Heart Failure
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/229
<p><em>With an estimated prevalence of 5.8 million in the United States and over 23 million people globally, heart failure (HF) is gradually becoming an epidemic. Despite the use of conventional medical therapies such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-adrenergic blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for management of heart failure patients for almost two decades, HF remains a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditures. The Prospective Comparison of Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure (PARADIGM-HF) trial provided compelling evidence for the cardiovascular and mortality benefit of sacubitril/valsartan when compared to enalapril in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Following the trial, the US Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA) approved this drug for the treatment of HF. There have been several other trials proving other important benefits of sacubitril/valsartan along with other ongoing trials. In this review, we will discuss about the characteristics of sacubitril/valsartan, its role in the management of heart failure, the various ongoing and already performed trials and their results to understand the current role and future uses of this combination drug. A systematic literature search was conducted using key words from relevant articles, and MeSh terms on google scholar and PubMed. Data were abstracted according to their relevance to subheadings of the review and synthesis of concepts done through multiple reviews by at least two reviewers for any subsection.</em></p>
REVIEW ARTICLES ~ Pharmacologysacubitril/valsartanHFrEFPARADIGM-HFangiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI)Avik RayAhmad NajmiGaurav KhanGaurav KhandelwaldelwalRatinder JhajSadasivam Balakrishnan
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2024-03-182024-03-18PH1PH810.21276/p0y07402Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis among Population of Nawalparasi District of Nepal
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/227
<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To assess the prevalence of dental fluorosis among population of Nawalparasai district of Nepal.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> A total of 300 of population were examined for dental fluorosis through a random sampling technique from two villages of nawalparsai district. Dean’s Fluorosis Index was used to record dental fluorosis and information regarding the source of water till the age of 8 years.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The overall prevalence of fluorosis is 18.6%. Maximum 31(26.05%) study sample below 20 years age with fluorosis. Also, shows maximum fluorosis study sample source of drinking water is hand pump and according to Dean’s fluorosis index 16(28.5%) sample from very mild category. The result shows statistically significant result (p=0.001)</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Dental fluorosis seemed to be a problem of medium public health significance. Presence or absence of dental fluorosis in permanent teeth was significantly associated with fluoride concentration in drinking water.</p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ Dental SciencesDental FluorosisNepalPrevalenceVanita GautamAshwini DaymaHemant Kumar HalwaiVenkat Raman Singh
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2024-03-182024-03-18D1D310.21276/wxx1fg48A Retrospective Study on Evaluation of Bronchogenic Carcinoma by CT in a Tertiary Care Teaching Centre
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/226
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Bronchogenic carcinoma is most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the developed world with incidence rising in developing countries. MDCT is the modality of choice for evaluating the lung carcinomas.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>In this study 53 total numbers of cases were involved. This study was conducted in department of Radiology.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>This study revealed that 47.2% cases of adenocarcinoma, 32.1% cases squamous cell carcinoma,15.1% cases small cell carcinoma & 5.6% cases large cell carcinoma.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: This study concludes that in diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma, CT is a highly sensitive and specific test. Multi Detector Computed Tomography has a high positive predictive value.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ Radio diagnosisMulti Detector Computed TomographyBronchogenic CarcinomaMortalityDinesh Kumar Singh
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2024-03-182024-03-18RD4RD610.21276/fgfsgp05A Prospective Study on Incidence and Diagnosis of Lumbar Spondylolisthesis in a Tertiary Care Hospital
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/225
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Normal inward curvatures are observed in both cervical and lumbar regions of the vertebral column. Because of these lordotic curvatures they help in shock absorption and support the weight of the head. Spondylolisthesis happens when one vertebra slips forward over the vertebra underneath it. This condition for the most part creates in the lumbar area of the vertebral section. It is due to the lumbar spine being exposed to directional pressures while carrying and distributing most of the body weight during activity and at rest. Such a combination of weight bearing and multidirectional movement may cause forward slippage of any random lumbar vertebra over the vertebra beneath it.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>This observational study was conducted on patients presented with low back pain and patients enrolled were clinically and radiologically investigated. Data regarding age, sex and occupation were recorded.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>Out of 950 cases presented with Low Back Pain, only 45 cases was reported to have symptomatic spondylolisthesis. It was observed that majority of cases were seen in the age group of 35 to 55 years with higher preponderance among males.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: </em><em>Incidence of symptomatic lumbar spondylolisthesis was high. Sex ratio among presenting cases was observed to be higher in males. Cases were clinically examined and diagnosed radiologically. Most of the cases were managed conservatively. Imaging remains the only tool to facilitate neurosurgery related decision making.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ Radio diagnosisLaminectomyLordoticLumbarSlippageSpondylolisthesisRam Krishna Jha
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2024-03-182024-03-18RD1RD310.21276/mx4qd952A Prospective Study on Prevalence and Management of Jaundice during Antenatal Period in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/224
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>There are such a large number of components that are minded of during the antenatal period, Jaundice is one of them and significant one. Point of current examination was to know the etiological variables of jaundice among pregnant patients, result and their administration.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>This study done in the </em><em>Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, </em><em>among pregnant patients with jaundice admitted in obstetric wards and labour room in 6 months duration</em><em>.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>Among total admissions, 33 patients presented with jaundice. Out of all admissions 10 were HBSAg, 4 HEV, 3 HCV, 2 of HBSAg and HEV co-infection, cholestasis with pregnancy 6 and 3 patients with pre-eclamptic liver disease with HELLP.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: </em><em>Jaundice in pregnancy may be deadly to mother and fetus. As the course of disease is also rapid and in short period it may affect the fetus in utero also, early detection and prompt management of these cases should be done.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ Obstetrics & GynaecologyPregnancyJaundiceViral markersPuja RaizadayMamta Goyal
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2024-03-182024-03-18OG7OG810.21276/602kdj33An Analytical Study on PCOD with Reference to Clinical and Biochemical Parameters
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/223
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>The association of PCOS to menstrual cycle abnormalities has been already established. Menstrual irregularities appear to precede the presence of PCOS. It is evident that there is a close relation between the degree of cycle irregularities and the grade of endocrine and metabolic disorders among the PCOS women.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>In this study 100 cases were included. This study was conducted in the Department of Gynecology. The duration of study was over a period of two year.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>Among 100 cases, 66 cases had menstrual irregularity, 22 cases had Hyperandrogenism & infertility seen 12 cases.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: This study concludes that; menstrual irregularities are most presenting symptom in PCOS. TVS is the most the important diagnostic tool. Obesity and overweight is a most important modifiable risk factor which will prevent this disorder.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ Obstetrics & GynaecologyPCODClinical parametersDivya MittalAlka Agarwal
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2024-03-182024-03-18OG4OG610.21276/svp6qv17A Prospective Study on Relaparotomies Following Obstetric & Gynecological Surgeries: A Hospital Based Study
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/222
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>The purpose of relaparotomy is to manage the previous surgery complications, maintain homeostasis, to clear intraabdominal infection and prevent sepsis. Relaparotomy is a difficult decision and it should be undertaken by an experienced surgical team.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>This study included 46 cases of relaparotomies. This study conducted in department of gynecology & surgery and the subjects were enrolled on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>Total relaparotomies were 23. 83% were following caesarean section.17% were following Gynaecology related surgeries. Most common indication was hemoperitoneum. Coagulopathy was associated with 43% of cases. Average duration of time between primary surgery and reoperation was 18.5 hrs. Total deaths were 6(26%) and all were obstetric cases. The most common cause of death was coagulopathy with multi organ failure.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: This study concludes that, relaparotomies can be prevented by adopting simple but important techniques during the surgical procedure. Adequate replacement of blood and blood products can prevent dilutional coagulopathy.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ Obstetrics & GynaecologyRelaparotomiesObstetric and Gynecological SurgeriesMortalityTilak Raj KakkarAnuradha Kakkar
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2024-03-182024-03-18OG1OG10.21276/ak5hbr84Use of Adenosine and Magnesium Sulphate Vs Bupivacaine in Upper Limb Surgeries and Post-Operative Analgesia: A Comparative Hospital Based Study
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/221
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>The present study was conducted to</em><em> compare the additives adenosine and magnesium sulphate with bupivacaine in infraclavicular infusion for upper limb surgeries and postoperative analgesia</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>This Prospective study was done at the Department of Anaesthesiology</em><em>. Around 26</em><em> patients scheduled for elective unilateral upper limb surgeries involving distal arm/ elbow/ forearm/hand divided into two groups A (n=13) and B (n=13) randomly. Group A - adenosine 6mgs with 28 ml 0.5% bupivacaine bolus followed by infusion of 0.25% bupivacaine 28ml with 6mgs of adenosine (2ml) at a rate of 5ml/hr. Group B - magnesium sulphate 75 mgs (in 2ml) with 28ml of 0.5% bupivacaine bolus followed by infusion of 0.25% bupivacaine 28ml with 75mgs of magnesium sulphate (in 2ml) at a rate of 5ml/hr in USG guided placement of infraclavicular catheter.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>Result showed that Group A had a faster Onset time of sensory and motor block and faster recovery as compared to group B. Group A needed more rescue analgesia than group B.</em><em>.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: </em><em>The addition of magnesium sulphate as an additive to bupivacaine in brachial plexus block may be a better choice when prolonged postoperative analgesia is required.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ AnaesthesiologyBupivacaineAdenosineMagnesium SulfateSuraj KumarAnurag AgarwalShivani RastogiP K DasMamta HarjaiDeepak Malviya
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2024-03-182024-03-18AN4AN610.21276/rjqqgg21Assessment on Anesthetic Requirement and Peri-operative Hemodynamic Stress Response after a Single Pre-operative Dose of Dexmedotomidine Versus Fentanyl: A Hospital Based Study
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/220
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Dexmedetomidine is an imidazole derivative and highly specific and selective </em><em>α</em><em>-2 adrenergic receptor agonist. The time of endotracheal intubation, extubation and laparoscopy are the most crucial times which may provoke and aggravate transient, but severe sympathetic responses such as tachycardia and hypertension.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>Total 99 cases were included in this study. This study had two groups. In group 1 50 cases were included and in group 2 49 cases were included. This study was conducted in Department of Anesthesia.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>Total 99 numbers of cases were included in this study. Total cases were split in to two groups. Group 1 had 50 cases & group 2 had 49 cases. Adverse effect found in this study that was bradycardia in 1 case of group 1.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: This study concludes that by providing smooth recovery without undue sedation with better analgesia Dexmedetomidine reduces the need of analgesics in comparison to Fentanyl.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ AnaesthesiologyDexmedetomidinehemodynamic stress responsefentanylVinod RathoreDevendra Singh
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2024-03-182024-03-18AN1AN310.21276/d1tqy679A Prospective Study on Social Anxiety and Its Relationship to its Clinical Variables in Patients of Acne Vulgaris in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/219
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Around 85% of adolescents and young adults are affected by it. Acne is the most commonly encountered among the skin diseases. The researchers have been trying to establish a relationship between acne and psychology for a very long time.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>Total 100 cases were included in this study on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. This study was conducted in Department of Psychiatry.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>This study included 100 total numbers cases. Amongst 35% cases were from social phobia & social anxiety and rest had social avoidance. Though, these clinical variables of acne had statistically non-significant impact on presence of social anxiety.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: Though a clinician's evaluation is objective and more precise and valuable, but the self-perception of a patient has a greater effect on his/her psychological functioning.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ PsychiatryAcne vulgarisdermatological diseasespsychiatric problemsJeetpal Singh RanaJaya Sharma
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2024-03-182024-03-18PS4PS610.21276/37678s83A Prospective Study on Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/218
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>A patient with OCD may have an obsession or compulsion both. OCD is prevalent in general population at 2-3%. Some studies have found it to be 10%. OCD patients are generally affected by other mental disorders also.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>Total 164 cases were included in this study. This study was conducted in Department of Psychiatry. The duration of study was over a period of one year.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>In conclusion, the present study revealed that 54 of the OCD patients have MS. Whereas in the prevalence of different component of metabolic syndrome, low HDL-C was the most frequent criterion met (73.5%), followed by increased WC (53.6%). High blood pressure, high FBS and hypertriglyceridemia were found in 45.1%, 21.9% and 19.5% of the sample, respectively.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: Mean score for measuring the severity of OCD found to be more in patients having MS in comparison to patients having no MS (p=0.001). This study found a prevalence of MS in accordance with other studies.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ PsychiatryOCDMetabolic SyndromeDisabilityRakesh Kumar Singh
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2024-03-182024-03-18PS1PS310.21276/9gdt0k80Significance of Serum Magnesium Level in Prognostication of Septicemic Patients
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/217
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Magnesium being the fourth most populous cation in the human body, and the second most populous intracellular cation next to potassium; it plays an essential physiological role in many functions of the body.<sup>2</sup>The incidence of hypomagnesemia varies from 20% to 65% in intensive care unit (ICU) patients.<sup>3</sup> There is a paucity of data in Indian literature, addressing this common, but underdiagnosed electrolyte deficiency. Hence, we set out with an objective of studying the level of Serum Mg in critically ill patients admitted in Intensive medical care unit and correlating the outcome with APACHE II scoring.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>A prospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 372 critically ill patients admitted in a Intensive medical care unit, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad during the period of March 2021to September 2021 among Critically ill adult patients agedmorethan18years, admitted in IMCU. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score have been calculated for each patient on the day of admission to Intensive care unit. Venous blood samples was taken to assess serum magnesium levels. Data was analysed using SPSS Version 25 and results obtained were expressed in proportions. The study was conducted after obtaining permission from the IEC of ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> 27.42%) were found to have low magnesium level (1.39±0.32). Out of 102 hypomagnesemia patients, mean age of the participants was 57.12±13.49, mean serum magnesium level was 1.39±0.32 mg/dl and mean APACHE-II score was 26.14±5.8. Majority of the patients (68.82%) had normal s. magnesium level, 27.42% had Hypomagnesemia and 3.76% had Hypermagnesemia on first day of admission. 75.46 % had Hypomagnesemia on 3<sup>rd</sup> day of admission and 44.15% had Hypomagnesemia on 7<sup>th</sup>day of admission. Among Hypomagnesemia patients, 55.88% had chances of multiorgan failure. Mean duration of icu stay was (6.07±0.35) among Hypomagnesemia patients. Majority of the Hypomagnesemia patients had Hypertension (55.88%).</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: This study highlight hypomagnesemia is common electrolyte abnormality seen in critically ill patients which usher to higher chances of requirement of mechanical ventilation and mortality.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ General MedicineSerum magnesiumHypomagnesemiaAPACHEIIscoreIMCUCritically ill patientsDeepali KaushikBabeena SinghLokesh ParasharPraveen K Malik
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2024-03-182024-03-18GM22GM2510.21276/v1ahgz85Incidence of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
https://iabcr.org/index.php/iabcr/article/view/216
<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>The present study was attempted for multivariate analysis through principal component analysis for carotid intima medial thickness (CIMT) as dependent variable compared to different independent variables used as parameters in diabetes and dyslipidaemia.</em> <em>Invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) should have to be used commonly to stabilize and treat critically ill patients in an ICU. Iatrogenic lung damages, including VAP, have been reported as some hazards of MV. These hazards are affected by the severity of illness, duration of MV, immunity and physiological reserve of the individual.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> <em>The biochemical and obese data of total 75 patients were taken from earlier study. The data of six biochemical markers of DM and dyslipidaemia along with one obese marker and CIMT were analysed. Data were analysed for Pearson’s-Spearman correlation coefficients matrix for the relationships between CIMT and parameters of DM as well as dyslipidaemia. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to reduce the variables into a smaller number of uncorrelated predictor variables. Individual PC scores were generated from their risk factors loadings for DM and dyslipidaemia separately.</em> <em>The duration of study was over a period of one year. This study was conducted in the Department of Medicine. The study was over a period of one year and it was separated into a 6 month for pre-implementation period throughout which standard care used for mechanically ventilated cases and a for the post-implementation period also 6 months included throughout which a VAP care bundle was effected.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> In our study 323 & 306 cases were required >48 hrs during Pre-implementation period & during Post-implementation period respectively. Different types of microorganism we isolated from all cases.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: It can be concluding that constant compliance with quality improvement practices would reduce the incidence of VAP shortly.</em></p>
ORIGINAL ARTICLES ~ General MedicineVAPMicro-OrganismsNosocomial pneumoniaPankaj GandhiBhagwan Ram Vishnoi
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2024-03-182024-03-18GM14GM1810.21276/x56zk935