Assessment of Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertensive Retinopathy - A Clinical Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21276/fz8w7c56Keywords:
Hypertensive retinopathy, Smoking, ObesityAbstract
Background: Hypertension is major systemic disease nowadays. Hypertensive retinopathy occurs as a result of damage of retinal vessels. The present study was conducted to assess prevalence and risk factors of hypertensive retinopathy.
Methods: This study was conducted on 526 adult hypertensive patients (males- 290, female- 236). The prevalence of Hypertensive retinopathy was recorded based on classification given by Keith Wagener Barker (KWB) grade.
Results: The prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy was 28.1%. Maximum patients with hypertensive retinopathy were seen in age above 58 years of age 78 (37.1%). 72 (48.6%) patients had grade 3, 45 (30.4%) had grade 4, 35 (23.6%) had grade 2 and 34 (22.9%) had grade 1 HR. The difference found to be significant (P< 0.05). The common risk factors were age (52.1 years in HR, 40.5 years without HR), smoking, BMI with overweight and obesity. A significant difference was found (P< 0.05).
Conclusions: Common risk factors in patients with hypertensive retinopathy were advanced age, obesity, smoking, lack of regular exercise, sedentary life style, duration of hypertension and uncontrolled hypertension.
Downloads
References
Wong TY, Mitchell P. Hypertensive retinopathy. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(22):2310–2317.
Klein R. Retinopathy in a population-based study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1992; 90:561–594.
Grosso A, Cheun N, Veglio F, Wong TY. Similarities and differences in early retinal phenotypes in hypertension and diabetes. J Hypertens 2011; 29:1667–1675.
Van Leiden HA, Dekker JM, Moll AC, et al. Risk factors for incident retinopathy in a diabetic and nondiabetic population: the Hoorn Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2003; 121(2):245–251.
Wong TY, Klein R, Couper DJ, et al. Retinal microvascular abnormalities and incident stroke. The atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Lancet 2001; 358:1134–1140.
Besharati MR, Rastegar A, Shoja MR, Maybodi ME. Prevalence of retinopathy in hypertensive patients. Saudi Med J 2006; 27: 1725–1728.
Mule G, Nardi E, Cottone S, Cusimano P, Volpe V, et al. Influence of metabolic syndrome on hypertension-related target organ damage. J Intern Med 2005; 257(6):503–513.
Palatini P, PenzoM, Bongiovi S, Canali C, Pessina AC. Role of ophthalmoscopy in arterial hypertension: a problem revisited. Cardiologia 1991; 36:713–722.
Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE. The relation of systemic hypertension to changes in the retinal vasculature: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1997; 95:329–348.
Shantha GP, Srinivasan Y, Kumar AA, et al. Can retinal changes predict coronary artery disease in elderly hypertensive patients presenting with angina? Am J Emerg Med 2010; 28(5):617–621.
Yu T, Mitchell P, Berry G, Li W, Wang JJ. Retinopathy in older persons without diabetes and its relationship to hypertension. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116:83–89.
Mondal RN, Matin MA, Rani M, Hossain ZM, Shaha AC, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertensive Retinopathy in Hypertensive Patients. J Hypertens 2017; 6: 241.
Mitchell P, Berry G, Li W, Wang JJ (1998) Retinopathy in older persons without diabetes and its relationship to hypertension. Arch Ophthalmol 116: 83–89.
Erden S, Bicakci E. Hypertensive retinopathy: incidence, risk factors, and comorbidities. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension. 2012 Oct 1;34(6):397-401.
Ong YT, Wong TY, Klein R, Klein BE, Mitchell P, Sharrett AR, Couper DJ, Ikram MK. Hypertensive retinopathy and risk of stroke. Hypertension. 2013 Oct;62(4):706-11.
Henderson AD, Bruce BB, Newman NJ, Biousse V. Hypertension-related eye abnormalities and the risk of stroke. Rev Neurol Dis. 2011;8(1-2):1-9.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 International Archives of BioMedical and Clinical Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors are required to sign and submit the completed “Copyright transfer Form” upon acceptance of publication of the paper. This is determined by a publishing agreement between the author and International Archives of Biomedical and Clinical Research. These rights might include the right to publish, communicate and distribute online. Author(s) retain the copyright of their work. International Archives of Biomedical and Clinical Research supports the need for authors to share, disseminate and maximize the impact of their research.
